PTO: Why U.S. Workers Get So Little Vacation Time?

Time off from work is integral to good mental and physical health, sustained productivity, and high performance

Highlights:

1. Unlike other developed nations, the U.S. lacks a mandatory paid vacation policy.
2. American workers often leave unused vacation days, resulting in lost benefits.
3. Excessive work hours contribute to higher risks of heart disease, stroke, and poor health.

Back in 1910, President William Howard Taft proposed that American workers should have three months of paid vacation every year to give them a chance to rest; so they could continue their work the following year. Well, obviously that proposal did not come to fruition – nice as it might have been for employees.

Paid time off (PTO) however had been catching on in countries outside the United States. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I in 1919, called for nations to regulate working time and rest periods. However, in the United States, employers vehemently fought against interference from the government in their business affairs.
 

Over 120 years later, all proposed national laws mandating American businesses to give employees paid leave have been unsuccessful. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not require payment for time not worked, such as vacations, sick leave, or federal or other holidays. Instead, these benefits are matters of agreement between an employer and an employee (or the employee's representative).

How the United States Compares with Other Developed Countries

According to the Center for Economic and Policy Research, the United States is the only country without a paid annual leave policy. In their report, No-Vacation Nation¹, no city or state in the United States guarantees paid annual leave with the exception of the U.S. territory, Puerto Rico.

Compare this to the European Union’s Working Time Directive that guarantees European workers at least 20 paid vacation days per year, with some countries mandating as many as 25 to 30 days per year. Australia and New Zealand require employers to grant workers a minimum of 20 paid vacation days per year, while Canada and Japan require their employers to provide at least 10 paid vacation days.

The growing disparity between the United States and the rest of the world is even more pronounced when taking into account legally mandated paid holidays. Most developed countries offer a number of paid holidays a year as well as paid vacation, while the United States provides none. Spain leads the table, offering 14 paid holiday days, with Austria, Germany, and Portugal hot on their heels with 13 paid holiday days.

Employers’ Approach to Paid Vacation

While American workers are not legally entitled to any paid holidays, in reality, most U.S. employers do offer some paid vacation time. The number of days obviously varies from business to business, but on average, workers will get about ten days of paid holiday each year.

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics², after one year of employment, private industry workers received the following amount of annual paid vacation days:

●  8% received less than 5 days
●  31% received 5 to 9 days
●  34% received 10 to 14 days
●  18% received 15 to 19 days
●  7% received 20 to 24 days.
●  Only 2% received greater than 24 days

In our earlier table, we can see that with the exception of Canada all countries received at least 24 days of paid leave when you add vacation and holiday leave – only 2% of workers in the United States receive this amount after one year of service.

About one in four workers in the United States do not get any paid vacation time or holidays at all. This particularly affects lower-income workers, part-time employees, and small business workers who can least afford to be without paid vacation.

Workers Not Using Their Vacation Days

I was surprised to discover that many American workers do not use up their vacation days even if they are lucky enough to have them. According to research from the U.S. Travel Association, Oxford Economics, and Ipsos³, even when they have vacation days, they do not use up all their days.

In 2018, and bearing in mind that was pre Covid-19 so travel was allowed, American workers left a record number of vacation days on the table. They left 768 million days, up 9% from 2017. Of the unused days, 236 million were forfeited completely, equating to $65.5 billion in lost benefits. More than half (55%) of workers reported they did not use all their allotted time off. They cited reasons such as cost, difficulty in getting away from work, and air travel hassles as being top barriers to travel.

How Long Working Hours Can Damage Your Health

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO)⁴, long working hours are increasing deaths from heart disease and stroke. Long working hours led to 745,000 deaths from stroke and ischemic heart disease in 2016, a 29% increase since 2000.

According to their global analysis, they estimate that in 2016, 398,000 people died from a stroke and 347,000 from heart disease as a result of having worked at least 55 hours a week. Between 2000 and 2016, the number of deaths from heart disease due to working long hours increased by 42%, and from stroke by 19%. The study also showed almost three-quarters of those that died as a result of working long hours were middle-aged or older men.

There are numerous studies that demonstrate the importance of taking time out from work to recharge the batteries. Employees who do not take time to recharge, experience exhaustion, burnout, lower job performance, stress, anxiety, and generally poor health. On the flip side, employees who take a vacation are happier, better performers, and less likely to suffer from poor health.

Conclusion

We know that the pandemic had a huge effect on how, when, and where we work, and it is looking like taking a vacation is finally becoming a higher priority for American Workers, who are sometimes referred to as workaholics. According to Allianz Partners USA's 14th Annual Vacation Confidence Index⁵, now more than ever, Americans are claiming their vacation days and making time to travel a priority. The survey revealed that 57% of Americans took a vacation in 2022, up from 44% in 2021. 2022 marks the highest percentage of Americans who reported traveling since 2009 when the survey was first conducted.

Taking a vacation is essential to an employee’s health and well-being. Time off from work is integral to good mental and physical health, sustained productivity, and high performance. While it is unlikely any of us will ever get the three months of paid leave that President William Howard Taft proposed, I think we will see more American workers demanding more time off whether that is from negotiating contracts with employers or lobbying government representatives. Certainly, interesting times are ahead…

Notes

1. No-Vacation Nation, by Adewale Maye, May 2019
2. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics - Who receives paid vacations?
3. Study: A Record 768 Million U.S. Vacation Days Went Unused in ‘18, Opportunity Cost in the Billions
4. Long working hours increasing deaths from heart disease and stroke
5. Travel kicks into overdrive as Americans use their vacation days with a vengeance

Author Bio

Mairead Walsh is the Chief Marketing Officer of Softworks. Visit https://softworks.com Connect Mairead Walsh