With the upsurge of Gold and Silver markets, 13,294 mines have been reported to be functioning within the United States of America, according to Center for disease control and prevention (CDC). But how does the country deal with the environmental risks and hazards that accompanies the industry?
Since as early as 1969, the US Government has brought forward a set of environmental regulations and acts in order to safeguard the environment from various industries, including mining. It is required by law to obtain a permit to conduct any mining activity within the states. The process of granting such permit includes prior in-depth analysis of the environment safety precautions the applicant will be taking, and assessing the operation and termination plans. Various state agencies too are delegated with additional provisions to further streamline any industrial process with additional laws. This article will carry an account of the federal regulations pertaining to the mining industry.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
The act which was established in 1969, outlines procedures for assessing and reporting environmental effects of federation-approved ventures, including mines. It has served as the primary reference point to many laws and policies that followed afterwards.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
Onsite dust emissions, exhaust from heavy machinery and other airborne waste products of processing is regulated under the CAA. Introduced in 1970, its primary agenda is to control air pollution happening due to industrialization.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
The RCRA act is focused on encouraging and facilitating wastage management at the point of production as well as at discarding. The act was incorporated into the federal legislature in the year 1976. However, “high-volume, low-hazard” materials, which are usually produced in the mining industry are not covered under this act.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
Legislated in 1977, the CWA act utilizes various methods and tools such as the “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System” to regularize release of both harmful and non-harmful substances to the country’s waters. Mines pump gallons of water from depths of the earth on a daily basis and carries a risk of polluting natural water resources during rain-runoffs. All registered mines are subjected to recurrent inspections to ensure that necessary standards are being maintained at all times with regard to disposal of liquid waste products under this act.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Also legislated in 1977, the TSCA addresses the issue of regularizing production and use of novel and prevailing chemicals. Use of chemicals such as sodium cyanide which are essential components of ore-based processes are controlled under this act.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
Since its endorsement in 1980, the CERCLA has been providing the legal background for state agencies to recognize and rectify environmentally hazardous industrial sites. The act contains clear guidelines and lists that helps in categorizing an institution as dangerous to the environment. Furthermore, it also provides the legal provisions to hold corporate owners responsible to bearing the costs incurred to the state in the rectification process.
